chain

• n. 链；束缚；枷锁
• vt. 束缚；囚禁；用铁链锁住

来自拉丁词catena, 链子，词源同concatenation. 字母t脱落，比较bake, batch, wake,watch.

1. a series of things depending on each other as if linked together;

"the chain of command"

"a complicated concatenation of circumstances"

2. (chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule)

3. a series of (usually metal) rings or links fitted into one another to make a flexible ligament

4. a number of similar establishments (stores or restaurants or banks or hotels or theaters) under one ownership

5. anything that acts as a restraint

6. a unit of length

7. a series of hills or mountains;

"the valley was between two ranges of hills"

"the plains lay just beyond the mountain range"

8. metal shackles; for hands or legs

9. a necklace made by a stringing objects together;

"a string of beads"

"a strand of pearls";

chain

chain: [13] Chain is a direct descendant of Latin catēna ‘chain’, source also of English concatenate [16], literally ‘link together in a chain’. This passed into Old French as chaeine, a later from of which, chaine, was adopted by English. The Latin word’s antecedents are not known.
=> concatenate

chain (n.)

c. 1300, from Old French chaeine "chain" (12c., Modern French chaîne), from Latin catena "chain" (source also of Spanish cadena, Italian catena), which is of unknown origin, perhaps from PIE root *kat- "to twist, twine" (cognates: Latin cassis "hunting net, snare").

Figurative use from c. 1600. As a type of ornament worn about the neck, from late 14c. Chain of stores is American English, 1846. Chain gang is from 1834; chain reaction is from 1916 in physics, specific nuclear physics sense is from 1938; chain mail first recorded 1822, in Scott, from mail (n.2). Before that, mail alone sufficed. Chain letter recorded from 1892; usually to raise money at first; decried from the start as a nuisance.

Nine out of every ten givers are reluctant and unwilling, and are coerced into giving through the awful fear of "breaking the chain," so that the spirit of charity is woefully absent. ["St. Nicholas" magazine, vol. XXVI, April 1899]

Chain smoker is attested from 1886, originally of Bismarck (who smoked cigars), thus probably a loan-translation of German Kettenraucher. Chain-smoking is from 1930.

chain (v.)

late 14c., "to bar with a chain; to put (someone) in chains," also "to link things together," from chain (n.). Related: Chained; chaining.

fasten, tie, bind, secure, chain

这些动词都有"扎牢，捆，绑"之意。

fasten： 指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。

tie： 普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。

bind： 多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。

secure： 指将某物紧紧地固定起来，使之完全无损。

chain： 专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。

On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume -72- highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion ( ' , 转向) of U.S. grain to the production of bio-fuel.

出自-2016年6月阅读原文

In a multi-state study of assisted living , for instance, University of North Carolina researchers found that a host of variables—the facility's type, size or age; whether a chain owned it; how attractive the neighborhood was—had no significant relationship to how the residents fared in terms of illness, mental decline, hospitalizations or mortality.

出自-2016年6月阅读原文

Big fast food chains in New York City have started to obey a first-of-its-kind rule requiring them to post calorie counts right on the menu.

出自-2016年6月听力原文

The microwave and fast-food chains were the biggest catalysts ( ' , 催化剂 ), but the big food companies—which want to sell anything except the raw ingredients that go into cooking—made the home cook an endangered species.

出自-2015年12月阅读原文

But their beds were provided by private individuals, rather than a hotel chain

出自-2013年12月阅读原文

On the demand side, those trends include the ongoing addition of more than 70 million people a year, a growing number of people wanting to move up the food chain to consume highly grain-intensive meat products, and the massive diversion of U.S. grain to t

2016年6月四级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B

That's the vision of a hotel chain that plans to send digital keys to guests' phones via an app instead of making them check in and get the traditional plastic swipe cards.

2015年12月四级真题（第二套）听力 Section A

cut the salary of senior executivesrelocate some of its chain storesadjust its promotion strategiesreduce the size of its staffTo experiment on its new business concept.

出自-2017年6月阅读原文

None of the chain's stores in the Washington metropolitan area are to be closed.

出自-2017年6月阅读原文

It's also pushing ahead in 2016 with an expansion of Bluemercury, the beauty chain it bought last year.

出自-2017年6月阅读原文

2% in November and December at stores open more than a year, a disappointing holiday season performance that capped a difficult year for a department store chain facing wideranging challenges.

出自-2017年6月阅读原文

In the year to August 2007, IKEA, a Swedish furniture chain, sold over one million kitchens worldwide.

出自-2016年6月阅读原文

In less-developed countries, such as those of sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia, wastage tends to occur primarily at the farmer-producer end of the supply chain.

出自-2013年12月阅读原文

They run chain stores in central London.

出自-2011年12月听力原文

Iced coffees sold by some popular chains are contaminated.

出自-2010年12月听力原文

The World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) conducted a survey of iced coffees sold by some popular chains in Britain including Starbucks, Caffe Nero and Costa Coffee to gauge the calories as studies increasingly link obesity with cancer

出自-2010年12月听力原文

But after General mills bought Epic in 2016, Collins and Forrest suddenly had the resources they needed to expand their supply chain.

2019年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

In addition to supplying milk from their own 85-head herd, they began to help other farmers in the area convent from conventional to certified organic and grass-fed in order to enter the Maple Hill supply chain.

2019年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

Macy's reported its sales plunged 5.2% in November and December at stores open more than a year, a disappointing holiday season performance that capped a difficult year for a department store chain facing wide—ranging challenges.

2017年6月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section C

Once one person looks at their phone, other people feel compelled to do the same, starting a chain reaction.

2017年12月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B

Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems.

2019年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C

The partnership benefits both sides by allowing unconventional partners for example, two companies from two different industries to work together on a specific aspect of the value chain, like, in this example, an engine firm with an accessory one.

2019年6月六级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B

When they started researching the supply chain, they learned that only 2-3% of all Bison is actually grass-fed.

2019年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out.

2018年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文

Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home.

出自-2010年考研阅读原文

The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing - Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5 billion, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp me

2018年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

(figurative)I've been chained to my desk all week (= because there was so much work) .

我整个星期都在伏案工作，脱不开身。

牛津词典

The doors were always locked and chained.

那些门总是上着锁链。

牛津词典

She chained her bicycle to the gate.

她用链子把自行车锁在大门上。

牛津词典

The dog was chained up for the night.

夜间那条狗用链子拴起来。

牛津词典

a chain of command (= a system in an organization by which instructions are passed from one person to another)

指挥系统

牛津词典

mountain/island chains

山脉；岛群

牛津词典

Volunteers formed a human chain to rescue precious items from the burning house.

志愿者排成一条长龙，从着火的房子里手传手把贵重物品抢救出来。

牛津词典

a chain of supermarkets/a supermarket chain

连锁超市

牛津词典

the chains of fear/misery

恐惧的桎梏；苦难的枷锁

牛津词典

a short length of chain

一截短链条

牛津词典

She wore a heavy gold chain around her neck.

她戴着一条粗实的金项链。

牛津词典

The mayor wore his chain of office.

市长佩戴着标志他职务的链徽。

牛津词典

a bicycle chain

自行车链条

牛津词典

The prisoners were kept in chains (= with chains around their arms and legs, to prevent them from escaping) .

囚犯戴着镣铐。

牛津词典

to set in motion a chain of events

触发一连串的事件

牛津词典

Students tried to form a human chain around the parliament.

学生们试图在议会四周围成人墙。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...a large supermarket chain.

大型连锁超市

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...Italy's leading chain of cinemas.

意大利最大的连锁影院

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...the bizarre chain of events that led to his departure in January 1938.

促使他于1938年1月离去的一连串离奇事件

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...a chain of islands known as the Windward Islands...

名为“向风群岛”的岛群

柯林斯高阶英语词典

She chained her bike to the railings...

她把自行车锁在栏杆上。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

His open shirt revealed a fat gold chain...

他的衬衫敞着，露出一条很粗的金链。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The dogs were leaping and growling at the full stretch of their chains.

那些狗又蹦又叫，把链子绷得紧紧的。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

He'd spent four and a half years in windowless cells, much of the time in chains.

他已经在没有窗户的牢房里呆了4年半，多数时间都戴着镣铐。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

He had to break right now the chains of habit that bound him to the present.

他必须现在就打破把他束缚在当前境况的习惯。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The dog was chained to the leg of the one solid garden seat...

狗被拴在公园一个固定座位的腿上。

柯林斯高阶英语词典