harsh
英 [hɑːʃ]
美[hɑrʃ]
- adj. 严厉的；严酷的；刺耳的；粗糙的；刺目的
- n. (Harsh)人名；(英)哈什
词态变化
比较级: harsher;最高级: harshest;副词: harshly;名词: harshness;
助记提示
1. hair => harsh, literally "hairy".
2. hair => har- + -sh => harsh.
3. 根据词源可以看成是 hairish 简化、缩略而来。字母i都被略掉。
4. 所以，该词的字面含义是“多毛的”，由此引申为“粗糙的、毛糙的”，后来又进一步引申为“声音非常的粗糙”，即声音“刺耳的、难听的”，后来又引伸出“环境非常的粗糙”，即“严酷的、严峻的、艰苦的”。
2. hair => har- + -sh => harsh.
3. 根据词源可以看成是 hairish 简化、缩略而来。字母i都被略掉。
4. 所以，该词的字面含义是“多毛的”，由此引申为“粗糙的、毛糙的”，后来又进一步引申为“声音非常的粗糙”，即声音“刺耳的、难听的”，后来又引伸出“环境非常的粗糙”，即“严酷的、严峻的、艰苦的”。
中文词源
harsh 残酷的，严厉的
可能来自PIE*kars,刮，拔，梳理羊毛，词源同card,carduus(拉丁语，蓟),chard(多刺叶甜菜).原用于形容织物多毛的，粗糙的，引申词义残酷的，严厉的。
英英释意
- 1. unpleasantly stern;
- "wild and harsh country full of hot sand and cactus"
- "the nomad life is rough and hazardous"
- 2. disagreeable to the senses;
- "the harsh cry of a blue jay"
- "harsh cognac"
- "the harsh white light makes you screw up your eyes"
- "harsh irritating smoke filled the hallway"
- 3. extremely unkind or cruel;
- "had harsh words"
- "a harsh and unlovable old tyrant"
- 4. severe;
- "a harsh penalty"
- 5. used of circumstances (especially weather) that cause suffering;
- "brutal weather"
- "northern winters can be cruel"
- "a cruel world"
- "a harsh climate"
- "a rigorous climate"
- "unkind winters"
- 6. sharply disagreeable; rigorous;
- "the harsh facts of court delays"
- "an abrasive character"
英文词源
- harsh
- harsh: [16] Harsh originally meant ‘hairy’. Its ancestor, Middle Low German harsch, was a derivative of the noun haer ‘hair’, and its exact English equivalent would have been hairish. By the time English acquired it, it had broadened out in meaning to ‘rough’, both literally and figuratively.
- harsh (adj.)
- originally of texture, "hairy," 1530s, probably from Middle English harske "rough, coarse, sour" (c. 1300), a northern word of Scandinavian origin (compare Danish and Norwegian harsk "rancid, rank"), related to Middle Low German harsch "rough, raw," German harst "a rake;" perhaps from PIE root *kars- "to scrape, scratch, rub, card" (cognates: Lithuanian karsiu "to comb," Old Church Slavonic krasta, Russian korosta "to itch," Latin carduus "thistle," Sanskrit kasati "rubs, scratches"). Meaning "offensive to feelings" is from 1570s; that of "disagreeable, rude" from 1610s.
- harsh (v.)
- 1580s, "sound harshly," from harsh (adj.). Meaning "make harsh, subject to harshness" is by 1991. Related: Harshed; harshing. Harshen is attested from 1821.
同义词辨析
hoarse, harsh, rough
这些形容词均有"嘶哑的，沙哑的"之意。
hoarse： 指嘶哑刺耳的声音，通常因高声喊叫后嗓子失音所致。
harsh： 一般多指刺耳难听的声音。
rough： 指粗哑难听的声音。
rough, coarse, harsh, rude, crude
这些形容词均有"粗糙的"之意。
rough： 普通用词，指某物纹理不精细，或表面凹凸不平，不光滑。
coarse： 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。也指人的言谈举止粗鲁，不文雅。
harsh： 指外表、性质、声音的粗糙、刺耳、刺目，强调使人不愉快的粗糙感。
rude： 指加工粗糙、不精细。也指某人的言行举止粗鲁无礼，缺乏修养。
crude： 主要指未经加工处理尚处于自然状态的物质；也可指人的言行粗鲁。
考试真题
- This reminds me unpleasantly of Sunnyhill School in Streatham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about in corners fantasising about wildlife.
出自-2010年12月阅读原文
- Antarctica's harsh natural conditions constitute huge obstacles to the exploitation of its resources.
出自-2016年12月阅读原文
- Parents will think it too harsh on their kids.
出自-2013年12月阅读原文
- What distinguishes a depression from a harsh recession is paralyzing fear - fear of the unknown so great that it causes consumers, businesses, and investors to retreat and panic.
出自-2013年6月阅读原文
- He needs a vehicle to be used in harsh weather.
出自-2010年12月听力原文
- During months without water under a harsh sun, they wither, shrink and contract until they look like a pile of dead gray leaves.
2018年6月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B
- For example, my wife can be very harsh.
2017年6月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section A
- In France, the government has banned supermarkets from throwing away edible foods and imposed harsh penalties on businesses that fail to comply with the regulations.
2017年12月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section A
- Perhaps, taken 31 slightly out of context, piaget's statement seems harsh.
2016年6月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section A
- And then the inevitable happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too harsh and does nobody any good.
2020年考研真题（英语二）完形填空 Section Ⅰ
实用场景例句
- Alec laughed harshly.
- 亚历克刺耳地大笑。
牛津词典
- harsh detergents
- 刺激性强的洗涤剂
牛津词典
- She was treated very harshly.
- 她受到了苛刻的对待。
牛津词典
- a harsh voice
- 刺耳的嗓音
牛津词典
- the harsh lines of concrete buildings
- 混凝土建筑物的粗陋线条
牛津词典
- She was caught in the harsh glare of the headlights.
- 她遭到车前灯的强光照射。
牛津词典
- harsh colours
- 扎眼的色彩
牛津词典
- the harsh conditions of poverty which existed for most people at that time
- 那时大多数人所面对的艰苦境况
牛津词典
- a harsh winter/wind/climate
- 寒冷的冬天；凛冽的风；恶劣的气候
牛津词典
- We had to face up to the harsh realities of life sooner or later.
- 我们迟早都得正视生活的严酷现实。
牛津词典
- He regretted his harsh words.
- 他对自己的刻薄言辞感到后悔。
牛津词典
- the harsh treatment of slaves
- 对奴隶的虐待
牛津词典
- The minister received some harsh criticism .
- 部长受到了严厉的批评。
牛津词典
- The punishment was harsh and unfair.
- 处罚很重而且不公平。
牛津词典
- The harsh truth is that luck plays a big part in who will live or die.
- 残酷的事实是，谁死谁活在很大程度上要靠运气。
柯林斯高阶英语词典
- It's a pity she has such a loud harsh voice.
- 可惜她的嗓门太大太难听了。
柯林斯高阶英语词典
- ...harsher detergents that can leave hair brittle.
- 会让发质变脆弱的刺激性较强的洗发水
柯林斯高阶英语词典
- Tropical colours may look rather harsh in our dull northern light.
- 热带色彩在我们北方暗淡的光线下可能显得有点刺目。
柯林斯高阶英语词典
- He said many harsh and unkind things about his opponents.
- 他以尖刻恶毒的语言大肆抨击自己的对手。
柯林斯高阶英语词典
- ...the cold, harsh cruelty of her husband...
- 她丈夫冷酷无情的残忍
柯林斯高阶英语词典
- ...the harsh desert environment.
- 恶劣的沙漠环境
柯林斯高阶英语词典
- The weather grew harsh, chilly and unpredictable.
- 天气变得恶劣、寒冷且变化莫测。
柯林斯高阶英语词典
- We always advocated cross - Straits dialogues and negotiations on the basis of the one - China principle.
- 我们一贯主张在一个中国原则基础上开展两岸对话与谈判.
期刊摘选
- The lamp gave out a harsh light.
- 灯发出刺眼的光.
《简明英汉词典》
- The decision by the headmaster was called in doubt by some of the teachers who thought it unnecessarily harsh.
- 有些教师对校长的决定存有异议,他们认为没有必要那么严厉.
《简明英汉词典》