shell

• n. 壳，贝壳；炮弹；外形
• vi. 剥落；设定命令行解释器的位置
• vt. 剥皮；炮轰

来自古英语 scell,贝壳，蛋壳，来自 Proto-Germanic*skaljo,分开，切开，来自 PIE*skel,切， 分，词源同 scale,shelf.引申诸相关比喻义。

1. ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an explosive charge and a projectile; fired from a large gun

2. the material that forms the hard outer covering of many animals

3. hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles

4. the hard usually fibrous outer layer of some fruits especially nuts

5. the exterior covering of a bird's egg

6. a rigid covering that envelops an object;

"the satellite is covered with a smooth shell of ice"

7. a very light narrow racing boat

8. the housing or outer covering of something;

"the clock has a walnut case"

9. a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners)

10. the hard largely calcareous covering of a mollusc

shell

shell: [OE] Shell goes back ultimately to the Germanic base *skal- ‘divide, separate’, which also produced English scale, scalp, school (of fish), shale, shelter, shield, shoal (of fish), skill, and skol. Its underlying meaning is hence a ‘covering that splits off or is peeled off’. Its immediate Germanic ancestor was *skaljō, which also produced Dutch schel and Norwegian skjæl. Shellac [18] is a compound of shell and lac ‘lacquer, varnish’ (a word of Sanskrit origin, of which lacquer is a derivative), and is a direct translation of French laque en écailles ‘lac (melted) in thin plates’.
=> scale, scalp, school, shale, shelter, shield, shoal, skill, skol

shell (n.)

Old English sciell, scill, Anglian scell "seashell, eggshell," related to Old English scealu "shell, husk," from Proto-Germanic *skaljo "piece cut off; shell; scale" (cognates: West Frisian skyl "peel, rind," Middle Low German schelle "pod, rind, egg shell," Gothic skalja "tile"), with the shared notion of "covering that splits off," from PIE root *(s)kel- (1) "to cut, cleave" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic skolika "shell," Russian skala "bark, rind;" see scale (n.1)). Italian scaglia "chip" is from Germanic.

Sense of "mere exterior" is from 1650s; that of "hollow framework" is from 1791. Meaning "structure for a band or orchestra" is attested from 1938. Military use (1640s) was first of hand grenades, in reference to the metal case in which the gunpowder and shot were mixed; the notion is of a "hollow object" filled with explosives. Hence shell shock, first recorded 1915. Shell game "a swindle" is from 1890, from a version of three-card monte played with a pea and walnut shells.

shell (v.)

1560s, "to remove (a nut, etc.) from a shell," from shell (n.). The meaning "to bombard with shells" is first attested 1856. To shell out "disburse" (1801) is a figurative use from the image of extracting nuts. Related: Shelled; shelling.

bullet, shell

这两个名词均与"枪弹"有关。

bullet： 含义广泛，指各种枪用的子弹。

shell： 指发射后会爆炸的炮弹。

In the Netherlands, Shell delivers CO2 to farmers who pipe it into their greenhouses, increasing their yield of fruits and vegetables.

出自-2012年6月阅读原文

Some propose storing the CO2 in coal mines or liquid storage in the ocean, Shell favors storing CO2 in deep geological structures such as saline(盐的) formations and exhausted oil and gas fields that exist throughout the world

出自-2012年6月阅读原文

All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit ( ' , PTK) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.

出自-2009年考研阅读原文

All he needs to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results. 　

2009年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

We collected shells on the beach.

我们在海滩拾贝壳。

牛津词典

snail shells

蜗牛壳

牛津词典

walnut shells

核桃壳

牛津词典

earrings made out of coconut shell

用椰子壳做的耳坠

牛津词典

pasta shells

贝壳形通心粉

牛津词典

(figurative)My life has been an empty shell since he died.

他死后，我的生活就成了一个徒有其表的空壳子。

牛津词典

The house was now a shell gutted by flames.

房子烧得只剩个空骨架了。

牛津词典

the body shell of a car

车身外壳

牛津词典

She had developed a shell of indifference.

她养成一副冷漠的外表。

牛津词典

They shelled the city all night.

他们整夜炮轰那座城市。

牛津词典

Just as they were leaving the rebels started shelling.

他们正撤离时，叛军开始炮击。

牛津词典

The band shelled out $100 000 for a mobile recording studio.

乐队花了10万元购置一间移动录音室。

牛津词典

They cracked the nuts and removed their shells...

他们砸开坚果,剥去硬壳。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Once the eggs have hatched the shells are left behind.

一旦鸡蛋孵化后，蛋壳就没用了。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

I collect shells and interesting seaside items.

我收集贝壳和海边有趣的小玩意儿。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...sea shells.

海里的贝壳

柯林斯高阶英语词典

She shelled and ate a few nuts.

她剥了几个坚果吃了。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...shelled prawns.

去了皮的对虾

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Her normally shy son had come out of his shell.

她那平时很害羞的儿子已经开始与人交往了。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...a lonely boy struggling to emerge from his shell.

一个努力想要走出自我封闭的孤独男孩

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...the shells of burned buildings...

大厦被烧毁后露出的框架

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The solid feel of the car's shell is impressive.

这辆汽车的外壳给人的感觉异常坚固。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The rebels shelled the densely-populated suburbs near the port.

叛乱者炮轰了港口附近人口密集的郊区。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

How many boys and girls are there in your class?

你班有多少男生和女生?

期刊摘选

A tortoise has a shell on his back.

乌龟背上有硬壳.

《现代汉英综合大词典》

The snail has rotted away in its shell.

这只蜗牛已经在壳里腐烂完了.

《用法词典》

This kind of beetles have hard shell.

这类甲虫有坚硬的外壳.

《现代汉英综合大词典》

A shell splinter embedded itself in the wall.

一块弹片嵌进墙壁里.

《现代汉英综合大词典》