strain

• n. 张力；拉紧；负担；扭伤；血缘
• vi. 拉紧；尽力
• vt. 拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力
• n. (Strain)人名；(英)斯特兰

来自古法语 estreindre,绑紧，拽紧，来自拉丁语 stringere,绑紧，拉紧，压紧，来自 PIE*strenk, 紧的，窄的，词源同 strict,stress,stringent.拼写比较 rain 来自古英语 regnian.引申词义扭伤， 过滤，及相关词义压力，拉力，张力等。

来自中古英语 streon,种族， 品系， 血统， 来自古英语 streon,收获， 财富， 繁殖， 来自 Proto-Germanic*streuna,堆积，收获，来自 PIE*stere,展开，伸展，词源同 strew,stratum,structure. 后用于指动植物的品种，品系，以及病菌的类型，种类等。

1. (physics) deformation of a physical body under the action of applied forces

2. difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension;

"she endured the stresses and strains of life"

"he presided over the economy during the period of the greatest stress and danger"- R.J.Samuelson

3. a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence;

"she was humming an air from Beethoven"

4. (psychology) nervousness resulting from mental stress;

"his responsibilities were a constant strain"

"the mental strain of staying alert hour after hour was too much for him"

5. a special variety of domesticated animals within a species;

"he experimented on a particular breed of white rats"

"he created a new strain of sheep"

6. (biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups;

"a new strain of microorganisms"

7. a lineage or race of people

8. injury to a muscle (often caused by overuse); results in swelling and pain

9. pervading note of an utterance;

"I could follow the general tenor of his argument"

10. an effortful attempt to attain a goal

11. an intense or violent exertion

12. the act of singing;

"with a shout and a song they marched up to the gates"

strain

strain: English has two distinct words strain. The older, ‘line of ancestry’ [OE], denotes etymologically ‘something gained by accumulation’. It comes from the prehistoric base *streu- ‘pile up’, which was related to Latin struere ‘build’ (source of English destroy, structure, etc). In the Old English period the notion of ‘gaining something’ was extended metaphorically to ‘producing offspring’, which formed the jumping-off point for the word’s modern range of meanings. Strain ‘pull tight, wrench’ [13] was borrowed from estreign-, the stem form of Old French estreindre ‘pull tight, tie’.

This in turn was descended from Latin stringere ‘pull tight, tie tight’ (source also of English strait, strict, and stringent [17] and of a host of derived forms such as constrain [14], prestige, restrain [14] and constrict, district, restrict, etc). Strain ‘tune’ [16] is assumed to be the same word, perhaps deriving ultimately from the notion of ‘stretching’ the strings of a musical instrument.
=> construct, destroy, structure; constrain, constrict, district, prestige, restrain, restrict, strait, strict, stringent

strain (v.)

c. 1300, "tie, bind, fasten, gird," from present participle stem of Old French estreindre "bind tightly, clasp, squeeze," from Latin stringere (2) "draw tight, bind tight, compress, press together," from PIE root *streig- "to stroke, rub, press" (cognates: Lithuanian stregti "congeal, freeze, become stiff;" Greek strangein "twist;" Old High German strician "mends nets;" Old English streccian "to stretch;" German stramm, Dutch stram "stiff").

From late 14c. as "tighten; make taut," also "exert oneself; overexert (a body part)," Sense of "press through a filter, put (a liquid) through a strainer" is from early 14c. (implied in strainer); that of "to stress beyond measure, carry too far, make a forced interpretation of" is from mid-15c. Related: Strained; straining.

strain (n.2)

"line of descent, lineage, breed, ancestry," c. 1200, from Old English strion, streon "a gain, acquisition, treasure; a begetting, procreation," from Proto-Germanic *streu-nam- "to pile up," from PIE root *stere- "to spread, extend, stretch out" (see structure (n.)). Hence "race, stock, line" (early 14c.). Applied to animal species from c. 1600; usually involving fairly minor variations, but not distinct from breed (n.). Normal sound development would have yielded *streen, but the word was altered in late Middle English, apparently by influence of strain (n.1).

strain (n.1)

"injury caused by straining," c. 1400, from strain (v.). The meaning "passage of music" (1570s) probably developed from a verbal sense of "to tighten" the voice, which originally was used in reference to the strings of a musical instrument (late 14c.).

strain, stress, pressure, tension

这些名词均有"压力，重压，紧张"之意。

strain： 指某人为克服外力界压力而造成的身心和情绪等方面的压抑。用于物时，指任何力或合力作用于一个物体上面造成的应变。

stress： 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。

pressure： 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。

tension： 多指因关系不好或其它原因而出现的紧张状态，也指某物被过度伸展的程度或状态。

With surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, governments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.

出自-2016年12月阅读原文

According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.

出自-2011年6月阅读原文

You might strain your shoulder.

出自-2014年6月听力原文

See a doctor about her strained shoulder.

出自-2014年6月听力原文

Too little light makes the eyes work harder, so they do get tired and strained.

出自-2011年6月听力原文

For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems.

2018年12月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

with surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, governments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.

2016年12月四级真题（第二套）阅读 Section C

Others highlight the strain that undocumented immigrants place on public services, like schools, hospitals, and jails.

出自-2011年6月阅读原文

It may place a great strain on the state budget

出自-2011年6月阅读原文

Two strains of the disease, with almost identical symptoms, affected humans-Ebola-Zaire and Ebola-Sudan.

出自-2013年6月听力原文

Both strains quickly invaded local hospitals when needle sharing and other unhealthy practices ensured the rapid spreading of the infection by bringing people into contact with contaminated body fluids

出自-2013年6月听力原文

More strains will evolve from the Ebola virus.

出自-2013年6月听力原文

Turning every single word into the target language would put too much strain on the interpreter and slow down the whole process too much.

2016年6月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section A

95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

出自-2013年考研阅读原文

For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300 -plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

2013年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

Their marriage is under great strain at the moment.

眼下他们的婚姻关系非常紧张。

牛津词典

These repayments are putting a strain on our finances.

偿还这些债务对我们的财务状况形成了压力。

牛津词典

Relax, and let us take the strain (= do things for you) .

你歇一下，我们来顶一会儿。

牛津词典

The transport service cannot cope with the strain of so many additional passengers.

运输部门无法应对临时增加这么多乘客所带来的紧张局面。

牛津词典

You will learn to cope with the stresses and strains of public life.

你要学会怎样应付公众人物生活的紧张和辛劳。

牛津词典

I found it a strain having to concentrate for so long.

我觉得这么长时间全神贯注挺累的。

牛津词典

The rope broke under the strain .

绳子给拉断了。

牛津词典

You should try not to place too much strain on muscles and joints.

你要尽量不让肌肉和关节太吃力。

牛津词典

The ground here cannot take the strain of a large building.

这块地承受不住大型建筑的压力。

牛津词典

The cable has a 140kg breaking strain (= it will break when it is stretched or pulled by a force greater than this) .

这种缆索的断裂应变力为140公斤。

牛津词典

The prison service is already under considerable strain...

监狱系统已经承受了巨大的压力。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The vast expansion in secondary education is putting an enormous strain on the system.

中等教育的大幅扩张正对该系统造成巨大压力。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The volume of scheduled flights is straining the air traffic control system...

定期航班的数量正让空中交通指挥系统不堪重负。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Resources will be further strained by new demands for housing.

资源将因新的住房需求而变得更紧张。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

She was tired and under great strain.

她身心疲惫，压力很大。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...the stresses and strains of a busy and demanding career.

忙碌而辛苦的工作带来的巨大压力

柯林斯高阶英语词典

I sometimes find it a strain to be responsible for the mortgage.

我有时觉得背负这笔抵押贷款很有压力。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Place your hands under your buttocks to take some of the strain off your back...

将手放在臀部下面，减轻背部的一些压力。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

A build-up of strain on a section of the San Andreas Fault has been detected.

已经勘测到圣安德烈亚斯断层的其中一处所承受的拉力在增强。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Avoid muscle strain by warming up with slow jogging.

先慢跑热热身，免得拉伤肌肉。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...a groin strain.

腹股沟拉伤

柯林斯高阶英语词典

He strained his back during a practice session.

他在一次锻炼中扭伤了背部。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

I had to strain to hear...

我不得不使劲去听。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Several thousand supporters strained to catch a glimpse of the new president...

几千名支持者翘首企盼能一睹新总统的风采。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Strain the stock and put it back into the pan.

滤出原汁，将它放回到平底锅中。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

There was a strain of bitterness in his voice.

他的声音听起来有些愤愤不平。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...this cynical strain in the book.

该书中这种愤世嫉俗的意味

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Every year new strains of influenza develop.

每年都有新的流感病毒出现。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...a particularly beautiful strain of Swiss pansies.

一种格外美丽的瑞士三色堇

柯林斯高阶英语词典

She could hear the tinny strains of a chamber orchestra.

她能听见室内管弦乐队尖细的旋律。

柯林斯高阶英语词典