第1篇 新概念英语语法总结：直接引语/间接引语
直接引语/间接引语
如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词
1） 时态变化：
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般过去时——过去完成时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
be going to——was/were going to/would
can--could
may--might
2） 时间地点及指示词的变化：
here-there, tomorrow-the next day, the following day, this-that…
3） 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。
4） 直接宾语/间接宾语
主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。
he gives me a book.（me间接宾语，a book直接宾语）
直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for：
主语＋及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词＋间接宾语
give me a book. = give the book to me.
send him a letter. = send a letter to him.
show him the new dress. = show the new dress to him.
第2篇 新概念英语语法总结：过去将来时
过去将来时
结构：would do she said she would go here the next morning.
两个特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构
1） be going to 结构——表示打算，准备，计划做某事
★结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型 i am going to make a bookcase. they are going to paint it. the father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首 are you going to make a bookcase? are they going to paint it? is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not i am not going to make a bookcase. they are going to paint it. the father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★肯定回答及否定回答 yes, i am. / no, i am not. yes, they are. / no, they are not. yes, he is. / no, he is not.
★特殊疑问句（必背） what are you going to do? what are they going to do? what is the father going to do?
2） there be 句型——表示哪里有什么东西（某处有某物）
there is＋单数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组） there is a book in this room. there is a pen on the table there are＋复数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组） there are two pens on the table. there are three schools there.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首 is there a book in this room? are there two pens on the table?
★变否定句在动词后面加not there is not a book in this room. there are not two pens on the table.
★肯定回答及否定回答 yes, there is. / no, there is not. yes, there are. / no, there are not.
第3篇 新概念英语语法总结：一般将来时
一般将来时
——表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours' time, etc. 表示将来的词联用。
结构：主语+助动词will+动词原形
i will go to america tomorrow.
the pilot will fly to japan the month after the next.
jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
will you go to america tomorrow?
will the pilot fly to japan the month after the next?
will jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
i will not go to america tomorrow.
the pilot will not fly to japan the month after the next.
jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning.
★肯定回答及否定回答
yes, i will. / no, i will not.
yes, he/she will. / no, he/she will not.
yes, he will. / no, he will not.
★特殊疑问句
what will you do?
第4篇 新概念英语语法总结：情态动词的使用
情态动词的使用
1）情态动词can（能够），must（必须），may（可以）
结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型
he can make the tea.
sally can air the room.
we can speak english.
★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
can he make the tea?
can sally air the room?
can we speak english?
★变否定句在情态动词后面加not
he cannot make the tea.
sally cannot air the room.
we cannot speak english.
★肯定回答及否定回答
yes, he can. / no, he cannot.
yes, she can. / no, she cannot.
yes, we can. / no, we cannot.
★特殊疑问句：（必背）
what can you do?
注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加s。
2）must/have to的区别
must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做
must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态
3）must, may, might表示猜测：
· must do 表示对现在事实的猜测
· must have done表示对过去事实的猜测
· must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测
· may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。
4）can't/couldn't 表示不可能
第5篇 新概念英语语法总结：need的用法
need的用法
· 表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：
i need a pen.
do you need any beer? no, i don’t.
i need to have a rest.
need doing=need to be done （表示被动）
the flowers need watering. =the flowers need to be watered. 花需要浇水。
· need在否定时做情态动词使用：
you needn’t go so early. (=you don’t need to go so early.)
must i clean the desk right now? no, you needn’t.
第6篇 新概念英语语法总结：副词
副词
副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：
the book is very good.
he runs fast.
she came here quite early.
certainly i will go with you.
副词变化形式：
· 直接在形容词后加-ly：
careful-carefully, slow-slowly
· 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变i, 加-ly：
happy-happily, lucky-luckily
· 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化：
fast, hard, late
· 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：
neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately
第7篇 新概念英语语法总结：过去完成时
过去完成时
用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。
结构：had+过去分词
after she had finished her homework, she went shopping.
they had sold the car before i asked the price.
the train had left before i arrived at the station.
after/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。
★ 变疑问句将助动词移到句首
had she finished her homework?
★ 变否定句在助动词后面加not
she hadn't finished her homework.
★ 肯定回答及否定回答
yes, she had. / no, she hadn't.
★ 特殊疑问句
what had she done?
第8篇 新概念英语语法总结：动词的变化
1）代词及be动词
主格 i we you you she/he/it they
宾格 me us you you her/him/it them
代词所有格 my our your your her/his/its their
名词性代词 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs
be动词现在时 am are are are is are
be动词过去时 was were were were was were
2）名词的复数
规则变化的名词复数形式
规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shell→shells toy→toys
规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. fox→foxes church→churches
规则3 以o结尾+s或+es e.g. radio→radios potato→potatoes
规则4 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves e.g. life→lives half→halves
规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾， 变y为i+es e.g. sky→skies study→studies
3）动词的第三人称单数形式
规则1 一般情况+s e.g. like-likes, look-looks
规则2 以s, x, ch, sh和o结尾+es e.g. do-does, catch-catches
规则3 以辅音字母+y结尾， 变y为i+es e.g. carry-carries, fly-flies
4）动词现在分词
规则1 一般动词加-ing e.g. look-looking, read-reading, play-playing
规则2 以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving
规则3 重读闭音节词结尾， 即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ing e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop-stopping
5）动词过去式
规则动词变化
规则1 一般动词加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play-played
规则2 以e结尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive-arrived
规则3 以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried
规则4 重读闭音节词结尾， 即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ed stop-stopped
过去式的读音
在清辅音后面（除外）读/t/ e.g. walked, jumped
在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ e.g. washed, watched
在/t/，/d/后读/id/ e.g. waited, hated
6）形容词和副词的比较级和级
比较级
规则1 一般加-er e.g. high-higher
规则2 以e结尾加-r nice-nicer
规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-er busy-busier
规则4 重读闭音节结尾， 双写辅音字母再加-er fat-fatter
级
规则1 一般加-est e.g. high-highest
规则2 以e结尾加-st nice-nicest
规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-est busy-busiest
规则4 重读闭音节结尾， 双写辅音字母再加--est fat-fattest
7）常见缩写：
is='s i am=i'm are='re
is not=isn't /iznt/ are not=aren't /a:nt/
do not=don't
does not=doesn't
was='s
did not=didn't
can not=can't
have='ve
has='s
have not=haven't
has not=hasn't
will='ll
will not=won't
shall not=shan't
第9篇 新概念英语语法总结：感叹句
感叹句：
1） what +名词+主语+谓语
what a beautiful girl she is!
what tall buildings they are!
2） how +形容词+主语+谓语
how beautiful the girl is!
how tall the buildings are!
· 在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略：
what a nice present!（省略it is）
how disappointed!（省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语）
第10篇 新概念英语语法总结：一般过去时
一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago...
含有be动词的句子，将be动词变为过去式。am, is的过去式为was, are的过去式为were：
i was at the butcher's.
you were a student a year ago.
the teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.
★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首
were you at the butcher's?
were you a student a year ago?
was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
i was not at the butcher's.
you were not a student a year ago.
the teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.
★肯定回答否定回答
yes, i was. / no, i was not.
yes, you were. / no, you were not.
yes, he/she was. / no, he/she was not.
★特殊疑问句
what did you do?（必背）
不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式：
i finished my homework yesterday.
the boy went to a restaurant.
the sawyers lived at king street a year ago.
★变疑问句在句首加did，动词变为原型
did you finish your homework yesterday?
did the boy go to a restaurant?
did the sawyers live at king street a year ago?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not
i did not finish my homework yesterday.
the boy did not go to a restaurant.
the sawyers did not live at king street a year ago.
★肯定回答及否定回答
yes, i did. / no, i didn't.
yes, he did. / no, he didn't.
yes, they did. / no, they did not.
第11篇 新概念英语语法:定冠词的用法总结
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有'那（这）个'的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物：
take the medicine.把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事：
he bought a house.i've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3）指世上独一物二的事物：
the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词级，及形容词only， very， same等前面：
where do you live?i live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。
that's the very thing i've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：
they are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
they are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：
she caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、**团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the people's republic of china 中华人民共和国
the united states 美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： she plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：
the greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中：
in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday,the next morning,
in the sky (water，field，country)
in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,
in the middle (of),in the end,
on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre
第12篇 新概念英语语法总结：过去进行时
过去进行时
——表示过去正在进行的动作，经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。
结构：was/were+doing
when my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.
their father was watching tv while they were having dinner.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
was their father watching tv while they were having dinner.
★变否定句在be动词后面加 not
their father was not watching tv while they were having dinner.
